Time Scaling Factors Unit Abbrev. Seconds Year (ans -Fr) a 31557600 Day d 86400 Hour h 3600 Minute m 60 Second s 1 Millisecond ms 0.001 Microsecond ms 10-6 Nanosecond ns 10-9 Picosecond ps 10-12

Nuclear Masses Mass of electron ME 0.000548484 u Mass of proton MP 1.007276548 u Mass of neutron MN 1.008664923 u Mass of Hydrogen Atom MH 1.007825032 u Energy equivalent of electron mass 511.0 keV Energy equivalent of atomic mass unit 931.66 MeV

Basic Nuclear Data Constant> Symbol Value Meaning Avogadro's Number NA 6.022045×1023 Number of atoms in one gram-atom or mole of material. Planck's Constant h 6.626176×10-34 Js Speed of light c 299792458 ms-1 - speed of light in a vacuum Joule J 8.987548×1016 kg - mass equivalent Atomic Mass Unit u 1.6605655×10-27 931.66 1.492684×10-10 kg - 1/12 the mass of a 12C atom. MeV - nuclear energy equivalent J - energy equivalent Electron Volt eV 1.602177E-19 1.0733533×10-09 J - energy expressed in terms of energy gained by electron in moving through 1 volt potential difference u - mass equivalent Miscellaneous Equations and Definitions Item Meaning Einstein Equation E(J) = m(kg) × c2 Example: 60Co Mass Number (A) Number of nucleons in nucleus 60 MA Mass of Atom 59.9338222 u Mparticles Mass of nucleons + Mass of electrons 60.49217898 u Mnucleus Mass of nucleus 59.91572224 u Mass Excess Mass of Atom - Mass number -0.066178 u Mass Defect Mass of Atom - Z × MH - N × MN (actual mass of atom - sum of mass of nucleons and electrons) -0.558356781 u Binding Energy -(mass defect) = Z × MP + N × MN - Mass of nucleus 0.558356781 u

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